Liver, kidney and digestion
Cholineand Hepatic Fat Fraction
Both sources here measured lower hepatic Fat Fraction.
How sure anyone can be
Very low certainty, level 1 of 4Any estimate here is very uncertain.
The most certain of the two findings here; each record carries its own.
The numbers reported
No number has been put on this yet. Two sources recorded only which way the numbers went — for now, that is all we have here.
Two sources, newest first
What we read is the published abstract, not the full paper, so a blank below may still be printed in the paper itself. A fixed rule worked this out from the source’s own fields. Nobody checked this rating by hand.
Randomised trial, 2025
Very low certainty, level 1 of 4The impact of choline supplementation on oxidative stress and clinical outcomes among patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled study.
Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2025;16:20406223251358659. doi:10.1177/20406223251358659. PMID:40838115.
- Number reported
- Not in the abstract
- Which way it went
- Lower
- Likely range
- Not in the abstract
- Source’s own words
- dB/m controlled attenuation parameter at 12 weeks (endpoint values reported per group, no between-group estimate published)
- Who was studied
- Adult with NAFLD
- Compared with
- conventional management (no placebo)
- Amount taken
- 2,400 mg/d phosphatidylcholine
- For how long
- 84 days
- Disagreement between studies
- Not in the abstract
- Kind of record
- Journal article
How this rating was reachedstarts at High, 3 steps down: risk of bias, indirectness and imprecision
- Starts at High
- Risk of bias brought it down to Moderatethe abstract reports no risk-of-bias or quality appraisal, so study limitations cannot be ruled outNot in the abstract
- Indirectness brought it down to Lowthe outcome measured is a proxy for the target outcomeReported in the abstract
- Imprecision brought it down to Very lowthe abstract reports no confidence interval for the estimateNot in the abstract
- Ends at Very low3 steps down.
- Inconsistency
- One study, so there was nothing to disagree
Imprecision stops at the first check that applies; others may apply too.
AI review could not confirm it — an AI agent re-read this finding against the saved source and at least one check failed. The batch record names the check and quotes the sentence that caused the doubt. No person read it.
Randomised trial, 2001
Very low certainty, level 1 of 4Choline deficiency causes reversible hepatic abnormalities in patients receiving parenteral nutrition: proof of a human choline requirement: a placebo-controlled trial.
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2001;25(5):260-8. doi:10.1177/0148607101025005260. PMID:11531217.
- Number reported
- Not in the abstract
- Which way it went
- Lower
- Likely range
- Not in the abstract
- Source’s own words
- Hounsfield unit change in liver attenuation at 4 weeks (13.3 HU choline vs 5.8 HU placebo; higher HU = less fat)
- Who was studied
- Adult on long term parenteral nutrition
- Compared with
- usual total parenteral nutrition
- Amount taken
- 2,000 mg/d choline chloride added to TPN
- For how long
- 28 days
- Disagreement between studies
- Not in the abstract
- Kind of record
- Journal article
How this rating was reachedstarts at High, 3 steps down: risk of bias, indirectness and imprecision
- Starts at High
- Risk of bias brought it down to Moderatethe abstract reports no risk-of-bias or quality appraisal, so study limitations cannot be ruled outNot in the abstract
- Indirectness brought it down to Lowthe outcome measured is a proxy for the target outcomeReported in the abstract
- Imprecision brought it down to Very lowthe abstract reports no confidence interval for the estimateNot in the abstract
- Ends at Very low3 steps down.
- Inconsistency
- One study, so there was nothing to disagree
Imprecision stops at the first check that applies; others may apply too.
AI review could not confirm it — an AI agent re-read this finding against the saved source and at least one check failed. The batch record names the check and quotes the sentence that caused the doubt. No person read it.
What is still missing from these readings
- None gives a number at all, only which way it went.
- Two give no likely range, so how precise those numbers are is unknown.
- Two do not say how many people took part.
Something nobody wrote down is never a zero and never a guess.
Still to read for Choline
One of the six things on our list for Choline has no reading here yet:
- Heart rate variability (SDNN)
Still to read means nobody here has got to it, not that it was tried and did nothing or that no research exists. A pairing on no list is not a gap: we never set out to read it.
Read next
Choline
Four other questions read for it
Liver, kidney and digestion
22 questions read under it
Hepatic Fat Fraction
One other ingredient read against it
Alphabetical, and by nothing else.
This is a library, not advice. No recommendation, no dose, no diagnosis, no ranking. We never ask about your symptoms, and nothing here is tailored to you.