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Open WellbeingWhat the studies actually measured

Heart and blood pressure

Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7)and Major cardiovascular events

Only one source here so far, and it measured lower major cardiovascular events.

How sure anyone can be

Very low certainty, level 1 of 4

Any estimate here is very uncertain.

The numbers reported

One source’s range, drawn against its own line of no difference and scaled to its own numbers.

0.850.91 hazard ratio1

This range crosses the no-difference line, so these numbers fit a real difference and no difference at all equally well.

Bar the confidence interval — the range the true effect is likely to sit inNotch the number the source reportedLine where there would be no difference at all

One source, newest first

What we read is the published abstract, not the full paper, so a blank below may still be printed in the paper itself. A fixed rule worked this out from the source’s own fields. Nobody checked this rating by hand.

  • Cohort study, 2009 · 16,057 participants

    Very low certainty, level 1 of 4

    A high menaquinone intake reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease.

    Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;19(7):504-10. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2008.10.004. PMID:19179058.

    Number reported
    0.91 hazard ratio
    Which way it went
    Lower
    Likely range
    0.85 to 1
    Source’s own words
    hazard ratio for incident coronary heart disease per 10 microg/d of dietary vitamin K2
    Who was studied
    Adult female
    Compared with
    lower dietary vitamin K2 intake
    Amount taken
    10 microg/d increment of dietary vitamin K2 intake
    For how long
    Not in the abstract
    Disagreement between studies
    Not in the abstract
    Kind of record
    Journal article
    How this rating was reachedstarts at Low, 2 steps down: risk of bias and imprecision
    1. Starts at Low
    2. Risk of bias brought it down to Very lowthe abstract reports no risk-of-bias or quality appraisal, so study limitations cannot be ruled outNot in the abstract
    3. Imprecision — already at Very low, the lowest rungthe confidence interval includes no effectReported in the abstract
    4. Ends at Very low2 steps down.
    Checked, nothing to step it down for
    indirectness
    Inconsistency
    No disagreement reported, and no count of studies behind it

    Imprecision stops at the first check that applies; others may apply too.

    AI-reviewed & signed — an AI agent re-read this finding against the saved source and checked that the quote, the numbers, the units and the direction match it. No person read it. The owner authorised the agent to sign the batch with the owner's key, and every build rechecks that signature against these exact bytes.

    Read the abstract on PubMed

What is still missing from these readings

  • For how long — Not in the abstract.

Something nobody wrote down is never a zero and never a guess.

Still to read for Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7)

One of the nine things on our list for Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) has no reading here yet:

  • Serum menaquinone-7 (MK-7)

Still to read means nobody here has got to it, not that it was tried and did nothing or that no research exists. A pairing on no list is not a gap: we never set out to read it.

Read next

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